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Bioactive Composition and Nutritional Profile of Microgreens Cultivated in Thailand
Microgreens are young and tender leafy vegetables that have gained wider consumer acceptance. This is attributed to their low caloric composition and rich
L. Kowitcharoen, Surisa Phornvillay, Pornpan Lekkham, Nutthachai Pongprasert, V. Srilaong
Applied Sciences · 2021 · https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177981
Abstract
Microgreens are young and tender leafy vegetables that have gained wider consumer acceptance. This is attributed to their low caloric composition and rich micronutrient and antioxidant composition. The present study investigated the bioactive composition and proximate analysis of fourteen microgreens belonging to Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygonaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Malvaceae. All the microgreens showed low calories (20.22 to 53.43 kcal 100 g−1) and fat (0.15 to 0.66 g 100 g−1), whilst mung bean and lentil microgreens showed considerable amounts of carbohydrate (7.16 g 100 g−1) and protein (6.47 g 100 g−1), respectively. Lentil microgreens had the highest total chlorophyll (112.62 mg 100 g−1) and carotenoid (28.37 mg 100 g−1) contents, whilst buckwheat microgreens showed the highest total phenolic content (268.99 mg GAE 100 g−1) and DPPH• scavenging activity (90.83 mM TEAC g−1). The lentil microgreens also presented high ascorbic acid content (128.70 mg 100 g−1) along with broccoli, Chinese kale, purple radish, and red cabbage microgreens (79.11, 81.33, 82.58, and 89.49 mg 100 g−1, respectively). Anthocyanin content was only detected in purple radish (0.148 mg CGE 100 g−1) and red cabbage (0.246 mg CGE 100 g−1). The results provide basic information and highlight the benefits of utilizing genetic biodiversity to obtain microgreens with the desired nutrients and antioxidants.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
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| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
L. Kowitcharoen; Surisa Phornvillay; Pornpan Lekkham; Nutthachai Pongprasert; V. Srilaong (2021). Bioactive Composition and Nutritional Profile of Microgreens Cultivated in Thailand. Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177981 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Broccoli microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Buckwheat microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Kale microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Radish microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Nutritional and sustainability potential of cereal microgreens
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Manyasha L. L. Ntsoane, Vimbainashe E. Manhivi, Tinotenda Shoko, Faith Seke, Yasmina Sultanbawa, Dharini Sivakumar
International Journal of Food Science & Technology · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16890
Abstract
Summary Microgreens grow best under light‐emitting diodes (LED), an artificial light source. In this study, LED lights (red, blue and far‐red) were tested on brassica microgreens to see if they induced an increase in bioactive compounds (glucosinolates and phenolics). In vitro digestion also measured bioavailable bioactive compounds in the intestinal phase. LED lights (red, blue and far‐red) were applied for 6 h in storage at 5 °C and 85% RH for 5 days on cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ), radish ( Raphanus sativus ) and rocket ( Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav). Red light significantly enhanced ascorbic acid, total phenols, kaempferol and quercetin glycoside concentrations in all three Brassica microgreens and antioxidant activities. Exposure to red LED light increased 4‐methoxyglucobrassicin (cabbage), glucoraphenin (radish), glucoraphanin A and glucoerucin (rocket). Red light stress may have resulted in secondary metabolite production in immature plants. An in vitro digestion showed higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, glucosinolate components and antioxidants in the intestinal phase. Red LED light is recommended as a postharvest treatment for improving cabbage, rocket and radish bioactive compounds.
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| Licence | CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | No. This licence forbids derivative works. We may report and cite its findings, but not republish a rewritten version. |
| Commercial use permitted? | No — non-commercial use only |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Manyasha L. L. Ntsoane; Vimbainashe E. Manhivi; Tinotenda Shoko; Faith Seke; Yasmina Sultanbawa; Dharini Sivakumar (2024). Brassica microgreens cabbage (Brassica oleracea), radish (Raphanus sativus) and rocket (Eruca vesicaria) (L.) Cav: application of red-light emitting diodes lighting during postharvest storage and in vitro digestion on bioactive compounds and antioxid. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16890 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution NC ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Arugula microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Radish microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Extending the shelf life of microgreens
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Jagarlamudi Nethra, B. Srinivasulu, Vadada Vinay Kumar, C. Lakshmana Rao
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i124615
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we delve into the multifaceted world of nutrient-rich microgreens, with a particular emphasis on their significance in urban agriculture. By exploring their nutritional composition, culinary applications and cultivation techniques, we aim to shed light on the transformative potential of microgreens in promoting sustainable urban food systems. Through an interdisciplinary lens encompassing agronomy, nutrition and urban planning, we uncover the myriad benefits of microgreens cultivation and highlight the critical role they play in shaping the future of urban agriculture.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Jagarlamudi Nethra; B. Srinivasulu; Vadada Vinay Kumar; C. Lakshmana Rao (2024). Microgreens: A Comprehensive Review Emphasizing Urban Agriculture. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i124615 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- Related reading: Microgreens the future of urban agriculture and superfoods part i
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Daria Barańska, Jacek Panek, Sylwia Różalska, Katarzyna Turnau, Magdalena Frąc
Scientia Horticulturae · 2025 · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114303
Abstract
As the global population is projected to surge to 9.78 billion by 2064, urbanization and dietary shifts pose significant challenges to food security. Positioned between sprouts and baby greens, microgreens – especially vegetable microgreens, boast rich bioactive compounds believed to combat chronic diseases. As “superfoods,” they’ve become culinary darlings, embraced by chefs for their flavors and nutritional punch. Their suitability for indoor farming, minimal cultivation resource requirements, and short production cycles make microgreens an ideal addition to functional foods in the era of global urbanization. However, addressing their limited shelf-life and high sensitivity to abiotic stresses requires ongoing research. This review presents the biochemical composition, health-promoting properties, and pre- and post-harvest strategies for enhancing the quality and shelf-life of microgreens, positioning them as an important addition to global diets and the functional food sector. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of the microgreens’ microbiome in boosting resistance to abiotic stresses and extending shelf-life, further enhancing their value and sustainability. Ensuring consistent quality control measures will not only guarantee richness in flavor, texture, and nutritional content but also in shelf-life, resistance, and overall post-harvest quality of microgreens. Understanding the interactions between microgreens and microorganisms holds the potential to develop innovative, environmentally friendly approaches to their cultivation and preservation. Currently, there is a lack of literature on the holobiont approach of microgreens. Therefore, conducting research to increase knowledge about the role of metabolic, genetic, and morphological properties of selected microbe strains in shaping resistance to abiotic stresses and microgreens post-harvest quality is needed.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Daria Barańska; Jacek Panek; Sylwia Różalska; Katarzyna Turnau; Magdalena Frąc (2025). Microgreens as the future of urban horticulture and superfoods, supported by post-harvest innovations for shelf-life increase: a review. Scientia Horticulturae. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114303 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- Related reading: Microgreens the future of urban agriculture and superfoods part i
- Related reading: Extending the shelf life of microgreens
- Related reading: Sensory analysis in microgreens why some are spicy others sweet and others taste like fresh grass
- Related reading: Microgreens inconveniences and challenges
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Muhammad Asif Ali, Noohela Khan, Nabeeha Kaleem, Waqas Ahmad, Salem Hussain Alharethi, Bandar Alharbi, Hassan H. Alhassan, Maher M. Al-Enazi, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Babagana Modu, Daniela Călina, Javad Sharifi‐Rad
Frontiers in Oncology · 2023 · https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1168321
Abstract
. However, broccoli sprouts are the chief source of sulforaphane and are 20 to 50 times richer than mature broccoli as they contain 1,153 mg/100 g. SFN is a secondary metabolite that is produced as a result of the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin (a glucosinolate) by the enzyme myrosinase. This review paper aims to summarize and understand the mechanisms behind the anticancer potential of sulforaphane. The data was collected by searching PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This paper concludes that sulforaphane provides cancer protection through the alteration of various epigenetic and non-epigenetic pathways. It is a potent anticancer phytochemical that is safe to consume with minimal side effects. However, there is still a need for further research regarding SFN and the development of a standard dose.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Muhammad Asif Ali; Noohela Khan; Nabeeha Kaleem; Waqas Ahmad; Salem Hussain Alharethi; Bandar Alharbi; Hassan H. Alhassan; Maher M. Al-Enazi; Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis; Babagana Modu; Daniela Călina; Javad Sharifi‐Rad (2023). Anticancer properties of sulforaphane: current insights at the molecular level. Frontiers in Oncology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1168321 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Broccoli microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Microgreens vs mature versions
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Chiara Amitrano, Sara De Francesco, Marco Durante, Walter Tinganelli, Carmen Arena, Veronica De Micco
Plants · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243541
Abstract
Numerous challenges are posed by the extra-terrestrial environment for space farming and various technological growth systems are being developed to allow for microgreens’ cultivation in space. Microgreens, with their unique nutrient profiles, may well integrate the diet of crew members, being a natural substitute for chemical food supplements. However, the space radiation environment may alter plant properties, and there is still a knowledge gap concerning the effects of various types of radiation on plants and specifically on the application of efficient and rapid methods for selecting new species for space farming, based on their radio-resistance. Thus, the hypotheses behind this study were to explore the following: (i) the pattern (if any) of radio-sensitivity/resistance; and (ii) if the morphological parameters in relation with pigment content may be a feasible way to perform a screening of radiation responses among species. To perform this, we irradiated dry seeds of basil, rocket, radish, and cress with iron (56Fe; 1550 MeV/(g/cm²)) and carbon (12C; 290 MeV/u, 13 keV/µm) heavy ions at the doses of 0.3, 1, 10, 20, and 25 Gy to investigate the growth responses of microgreens to acute radiation exposure in terms of morphological traits and photosynthetic pigment content. Results indicate that the microgreens’ reaction to ionizing radiation is highly species-specific and that radiation is often sensed by microgreens as a mild stress, stimulating the same morphological and biochemical acclimation pathways usually activated by other mild environmental stresses, alongside the occurrence of eustress phenomena. Over extended periods, this stimulus could foster adaptive changes, enabling plants to thrive in space.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Chiara Amitrano; Sara De Francesco; Marco Durante; Walter Tinganelli; Carmen Arena; Veronica De Micco (2024). Morphological and Photosynthetic Pigment Screening of Four Microgreens Species Exposed to Heavy Ions. Plants. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243541 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Arugula microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Basil microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Radish microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Solanaceae lectins and alkaloids the compounds that make some microgreens toxic
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
- Related reading: Microgreens as the space food
- Related reading: Microgreens inconveniences and challenges
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Yingjian Lu, Wen Dong, Tianbao Yang, Yaguang Luo, Pei Chen
Molecules · 2021 · https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113247
Abstract
Broccoli microgreens have shown potential health benefits due to their high glucosinolate (GL) levels. Previously, we observed that postharvest UVB treatment did not have much effect on increasing GLs in broccoli microgreens. In this study, we investigated the influence of preharvest UVB irradiation on GL levels in broccoli microgreens. UHPLC-ESI/ITMS analysis showed that preharvest UVB treatments with UVB 0.09 and 0.27 Wh/m2 significantly increased the glucoraphanin (GLR), glucoerucin (GLE), and total aliphatic GL levels by 13.7 and 16.9%, respectively, in broccoli microgreens when measured on harvest day. The nutritional qualities of UVB-treated microgreens were stable during 21-day storage, with only small changes in their GL levels. Broccoli microgreens treated before harvest with UVB 0.27 Wh/m2 and 10 mM CaCl2 spray maintained their overall quality, and had the lowest tissue electrolyte leakage and off-odor values during the storage. Furthermore, preharvest UVB 0.27 Wh/m2 treatment significantly increased GL biosynthesis genes when evaluated before harvest, and reduced the expression level of myrosinase, a gene responsible for GL breakdown during postharvest storage. Overall, preharvest UVB treatment, together with calcium chloride spray, can increase and maintain health-beneficial compound levels such as GLs and prolong the postharvest quality of broccoli microgreens.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Yingjian Lu; Wen Dong; Tianbao Yang; Yaguang Luo; Pei Chen (2021). Preharvest UVB Application Increases Glucosinolate Contents and Enhances Postharvest Quality of Broccoli Microgreens. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113247 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Broccoli microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Extending the shelf life of microgreens
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Qingming Li, David Llewellyn, Yun Kong, Youbin Zheng
Preprints.org · 2023 · https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1017.v1
Abstract
Our previous studies showed pure blue (B) spectra from LEDs can promote shade avoidance responses (SARs). However, it is unknown whether SARs vary among different peak wavelengths (λpeak) of B or how they compare with other photomorphologically-important wavebands, such as ultraviolet-A and far-red. To answer these questions, mustard (Brassica juncea, ‘Ruby Streaks’) and arugula (Brassica eruca, ‘Rocket’) seedlings, grown to the cotyledon unfolding stage under the following narrowband spectrum treatments: UVA (λpeak = 385 nm), B1 (λpeak = 404 nm), B2 (λpeak = 440 nm), B3 (λpeak = 455 nm), and FR (λpeak = 730 nm). Both red (R, λpeak = 660 nm) and dark (D) were used as control treatments. The spectrum treatments were provided at 50 μmol m−2 s−1 on a continuous basis. There were no differences among the B treatments except for reduced mustard fresh weight (FWt) in B3. Compared with R, the B treatments promoted hypocotyl elongation, reduced cotyledon size, and increased petiole length in arugula and B1 increased petiole length in mustard. Compared with the B treatments, UVA inhibited hypocotyl and petiole elongation, similar to or greater than R in both species. Compared with the other LED treatments, seedlings grown under FR generally had the lowest hypocotyl and petiole elongation and the smallest cotyledons. Compared to the LED treatments, D substantially promoted hypocotyl elongation and reduced cotyledon size, except compared to FR in arugula. Among the spectrum treatments, the three B treatments had the greatest SAR promotion effects in both species. Despite having the lowest phytochrome activity, FR inhibited SARs normally associated with high FR environments. Legacy parameters used to estimate SAR-promoting effects of spectrum treatments may not be appropriate for characterizing narrowband spectra from LEDs – new approaches must be developed.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Qingming Li; David Llewellyn; Yun Kong; Youbin Zheng (2023). Narrowband Blue LEDs with Different Peak Wavelengths Similarly Promote Shade Avoidance Responses and Have Greater Promotion Effects Than Ultraviolet A and Far Red in Two Species of Microgreens. Preprints.org. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1017.v1 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Arugula microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Mustard microgreens — growing guide
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Luís Puente, Cielo Char, Devansh Patel, Malinda S. Thilakarathna, M. S. Roopesh
Sustainability · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156645
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of scientific publications in the field of microgreens using bibliometric tools. Data were collected from the Web of Science database (from Clarivate Analytics) in the period from 2004 to 2023, covering 20 years of scientific publications. The results are presented in the form of tables, graphs, and charts to analyze the development of microgreens publications. The countries with the greatest influence on the microgreens topic are the USA, Italy, and India, which have the highest number of publications in the analyzed period with 133, 76, and 38 publications, respectively. On the other hand, the authors with the highest number of publications are Raphael, Y. (University Naples Federico II-Italy), De Pascale, S. (University Naples Federico II-Italy), and Luo, Y. (ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-USA). The journals with the highest productivity in microgreens are HortScience (American Society of Horticultural Science), Horticulturae (MDPI), and Foods (MDPI), with publication numbers of 49, 27, and 23, respectively. Regarding the relationship of the documents in this study with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the large majority of documents can be linked to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), followed by SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well Being). As a final remark, the mapping, trends, and findings in this work can help to establish logical paths for researchers in the field of microgreens.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Luís Puente; Cielo Char; Devansh Patel; Malinda S. Thilakarathna; M. S. Roopesh (2024). Research Trends and Development Patterns in Microgreens Publications: A Bibliometric Study from 2004 to 2023. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156645 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- Related reading: International sanitary guidelines for the planting and distribution of microgreens and sprouts
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Ivana Mezeyová, Alžbeta Hegedűsová, Marcel Golian, Alena Andrejiová, Miroslav Šlosár, Ján Mezey
Agronomy · 2022 · https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051096
Abstract
The study monitored the effect of differentiated mineral nutrition of microgreens species by solution of sodium selenate (2 mg Se/L) on the content of Se, chlorophylls, and other minerals. Chlorophylls were measured spectrophotometrically, Se by electrothermal atomic absorption method (ETAAS) with Zeeman-effect background and elements’ concentration was performed by a dual Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) iCAP7600 instrument. The content of selenium in fresh weight moved on average from 0.013 to 12.556 μg/g. Selenisation increased the content of Se in all tested species significantly (p < 0.05) without impacting yield. The content of chlorophyll a moved from 249.9 mg/kg (Mizuna) to 604.4 mg/kg (Arugula) with significant differences between the species, without significance (p ≤ 0.05) between tested variants. The influence of selenisation on other minerals significantly differed (p < 0.05) due to the genetic variability. A significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in Ca was observed in green basil (10.7%) and cress (20.9%); of Fe in green basil (1.6%) and cress (40.9%); of K in arugula (1.6%), green basil (3.9%) and cress (2.8%); of Zn in arugula (2.6%), green basil (8.6%), cress (2.7%) and radish (5.9%); and of Ba in green basil (5.6%) and cress (23.9%).
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Ivana Mezeyová; Alžbeta Hegedűsová; Marcel Golian; Alena Andrejiová; Miroslav Šlosár; Ján Mezey (2022). Influence of Microgreens Biofortification with Selenium on Their Quantitative and Qualitative Parameters. Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051096 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Arugula microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Basil microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Radish microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Exotic microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Rui Wang, Zhenhui Ren, Yamin Li
PubMed · 2025 · https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-8239
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder lacking effective treatments. This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the efficacy and safety of sulforaphane (SFN) for ASD. Eight databases were searched from inception to September 2024, identifying six randomized controlled trials for inclusion. Efficacy outcomes included ASD symptoms measured by the mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD), while safety outcomes included adverse events measured by relative risk. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool, and evidence certainty was evaluated via the Grade of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results showed that SFN significantly improved total symptoms (SMD = -0.27, 95 % confidence interval (CI), -0.42, -0.12), aberrant behavior (SMD = -0.43, 95 % CI, -0.66, -0.19), hyperactivity (SMD = -0.58, 95 % CI, -1.03, -0.13), social interaction (SMD = -0.43, 95 % CI, -0.59, -0.27), social communication (SMD = -0.24, 95 % CI, -0.35, – 0.12), and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) (SMD = -0.16, 95 % CI, -0.31, -0.00). Effects on irritability, anxiety, sensory sensitivity, total social skills, social awareness, social cognition, and social motivation were not statistically significant. Adverse events were similar between intervention and control groups. In conclusion, SFN shows potential in improving ASD symptoms without significant adverse effects. However, results should be interpreted cautiously due to potential influences from assessment tools, outcome assessors, and treatment duration. Further research is needed to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of SFN for ASD.
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Rui Wang; Zhenhui Ren; Yamin Li (2025). The Effect of Sulforaphane on Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-8239 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Sensory analysis in microgreens why some are spicy others sweet and others taste like fresh grass
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Maria Maleva, Galina Borisova, Chrisantus Ahamuefule, Mohamad Darkazanli, Adarsh Kumar
BIO Web of Conferences · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412102008
Abstract
The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with additional biofortification of agricultural plants with scarce essential elements, such as iodine, is a promising area of agricultural biotechnology. The seeds of Pisum sativum L. (var. Madras) pre-inoculated for two hours with PGPR Arthrobacter sp. strain CTF1 (10 8 CFU/mL) were grown for 14 days in a hydroponic culture at foliar spraying with iodine solution (0.01% KI or KIO3) on the 7th day of the vegetation. Growth parameters such as the length of shoot, fresh and dry biomass of seedlings were studied, the germination percentage and vigor index were calculated, and the content of photosynthetic pigments in pea leaves was assessed. The results showed inoculation of pea seeds with PGPR strain CTF1 had a positive effect on the biomass of two-week-old pea microgreens and their vigor index. At the same time, a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments was also observed in the leaves of pea seedlings, especially chlorophyll a (by almost 25%) and carotenoids (by almost 40%). Additionally, application of iodine via foliar spraying, irrespective of its form (KI or KIO3), resulted in nearly a 26-fold surge in amount of microgreens. However, the significant effect of such iodine treatment had a positive effect only on the content of carotenoids.
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Maria Maleva; Galina Borisova; Chrisantus Ahamuefule; Mohamad Darkazanli; Adarsh Kumar (2024). Effect of PGPR Arthrobacter sp. CTF1 and foliar iodine spraying on pea microgreens growth in hydroponic culture. BIO Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412102008 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Pea microgreens — growing guide
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Sylvain Charlebois
Journal of Agricultural Studies · 2018 · https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v6i2.12885
Abstract
Microgreens are considered as an emerging superfood, which are young seedlings of vegetables and herbs, produced in seven to fourteen days. Known as “vegetable confetti”, they gained popularity in upscale restaurants. But microgreens’ nutritional value is only starting to be identified through scientific research. Microgreens are nutrient-dense and make a healthy addition to salads, sandwiches, dishes, and other portable food solutions. According to some recent studies, vitamin and mineral levels can exceed full grown vegetables by more than forty times, requiring less water and energy throughout the process. This case study is about a company called Greenbelt Microgreens, based in Hamilton, Canada. Greenbelt Microgreens grows, harvests and distributes certified organic microgreens. The aim of the case study is to better understand the model and how it could be expanded beyond the region by capitalizing on a growing trend of local, organically grown food products. The case presents how microgreens are positioned in the marketplace. It also describes the company itself, its challenges and a discussion on specific, strategic elements to consider.
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Sylvain Charlebois (2018). Can Greenbelt Microgreens Expand its Model? A Discussion on the Future of Microgreens. Journal of Agricultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v6i2.12885 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- Related reading: Microgreens inconveniences and challenges
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Emir Sultan Irmak, Ali Efe Turan, Figen Taşcı Durgut, Funda Eryılmaz Açıkgöz, Fatma Funda Özdüven
International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences · 2026 · https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.11
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of LED lights with different wavelengths on the growth parameters, fresh weight, and total antioxidant content of red cabbage microgreens (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra) grown under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted using a fully automated plant growth chamber, named “Confetti Cabin”, with four light treatments: red LED, blue LED, red+blue LED, and a natural light control group. The study was designed with a randomized plot design and three replications. The highest stem length was observed under red LED light (59.28 mm), the highest fresh weight under red+blue LED (90.70 g), and the highest antioxidant content under blue LED (0.99 EC50 µg/mL). The findings suggest that light spectrum selection can be optimized based on production targets in microgreen cultivation.
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Emir Sultan Irmak; Ali Efe Turan; Figen Taşcı Durgut; Funda Eryılmaz Açıkgöz; Fatma Funda Özdüven (2026). Effects of different LED light wavelengths on the growth and antioxidant activity of red cabbage microgreens (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra). International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.11 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Red Cabbage microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
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Mónica Flores, Cristian Hernández-Adasme, María José Guevara, V.H. Escalona
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1349423
Abstract
Microgreens are vegetable or edible herb shoots harvested in the early stages of development. They have an important number of bioactive compounds and add color, texture, and flavor to dishes and salads. Given their benefits, small size, and high market prices, they can grow in indoor systems, where light is determinant. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different light intensities on agronomic characteristics, color, chlorophylls and carotenoids content, and antioxidant activity represented by total phenolic content (TPC), eliminate, and antioxidant capacity (AC) in four Brassicaceae species in two colors (green and red). The experiment was conducted in a controlled light-emitting diode (LED) environment growth chamber (day/night temperatures of 25/20 ± 1.2°C, 16 h photoperiod, and 79 ± 2% relative humidity). Three light intensities were used for microgreen growth with the same LED light spectrum: low (120 ± 5.1 μmol m −2 s −1 ), medium (160 ± 3.6 μmol m −2 s −1 ), and high (210 ± 5.9 μmol m −2 s −1 ). Eight g of the seeds of green and red cultivars of cabbage, kale, mizuna, and mustard were sown in a plastic tray (64 cm x 35 cm x 6 cm) with a mixture of peat and perlite (1:2 = v: v). Overall, the high intensity increased dry matter percentage and dry weight, except in green and red kale and green cabbage cultivars. In contrast, low intensity promoted a larger hypocotyl in all species than with high intensity; moreover, it enhanced the cotyledon area in green and red mizuna. Cabbage, kale, and mustard green cultivars were greener under medium intensity, whereas the low intensity enhanced the purple color of mizuna. In addition, chlorophyll a and b increased under low intensity in most species except the red kale and mustard cultivars. The high intensity raises the antioxidant activity, promoting a higher TPC and AC. The findings revealed that the light intensity generated variations in agronomic characteristics, color, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant activity of Brassicaceae microgreens, and the changes were based on the specific species and cultivars.
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Mónica Flores; Cristian Hernández-Adasme; María José Guevara; V.H. Escalona (2024). Effect of different light intensities on agronomic characteristics and antioxidant compounds of Brassicaceae microgreens in a vertical farm system. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1349423 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Kale microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Mustard microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Exotic microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Microgreens the future of urban agriculture and superfoods part i
- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
- Related reading: Sensory analysis in microgreens why some are spicy others sweet and others taste like fresh grass
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
About this copy
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Saad Mir, Roberts Krumins, Līva Purmale, Varnika Chaudhary, Bhim Bahadur Ghaley
Agronomy · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122895
Abstract
Light spectrum and intensity is one of the key factors in the production of microgreens in controlled-environment agriculture and is directly related to plant growth and biomass accumulation. Hence, the objective of this research study was to investigate the biomass, growth, and resource use efficiencies (RUEs) in 14 different species of microgreen grown in two light recipes with 209.5 (OSRAM LED) and 45 µmol m−2 s−1 (INSTAGREEN LED) with a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod in a growth chamber. Under both LEDs, fresh biomass accumulation and the SPAD content were highest in sunflower. Nasturtium recorded the maximum hypocotyl length under both LEDs. The leaf area index (LAI) was significantly higher in mungbean under the INSTAGREEN LED compared to other microgreens, while the maximum LAI was measured in lentils under the OSRAM LED. This shows that the two different LEDs had species-specific effects. The RUE of the cheaper INSTAGREEN LED was more efficient in terms of light and energy use efficiency, while OSRAM LED was more efficient in terms of water and surface use efficiencies. Overall, the results showed that different species of microgreens exhibit different responses to fresh biomass accumulation and SPAD contents in the leaves, demonstrating the diversity of their growth responses. Across both LEDs (OSRAM LED and INSTAGREEN LED), the top performing microgreen in terms of biomass accumulation as well as SPAD contents in the leaves was sunflower. Consequently, a high chlorophyll content in sunflower led to a higher biomass production by enhancing photosynthesis.
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Saad Mir; Roberts Krumins; Līva Purmale; Varnika Chaudhary; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley (2024). Effects of Light Intensity and Spectrum Mix on Biomass, Growth and Resource Use Efficiency in Microgreen Species. Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122895 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Nasturtium microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Sunflower microgreens — growing guide
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Syukriyadin Syukriyadin, Ira Devi Sara, S Syahrizal, Mohd Faizal Fauzan, M Fajri
IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1356/1/012016
Abstract
Abstract The T5 LED lamp is one form of LED light that can be utilized for indoor microgreen growing. The T5 LED lamp has various advantages, such as great energy efficiency and a long lifespan, and they do not emit excessive heat. This research intends to analyze the growth rate of kangkung (Ipomoea reptans poir) utilizing a T5 LED lamp as the light source. The research was carried out through an experimental design. Kangkung microgreen plants were placed under a T5 LED lamp, positioned 50 cm below the lamp’s surface, and connected to the voltage output supply from solar PV. The results showed that the average value of root growth rate was 26% per day, stem length growth rate was 26% per day, leaf width growth rate was 3.74% per day, leaf length growth rate was 23% per day, petiole length growth rate was 29% per day, the stem diameter growth rate is 4% per day, and the wet weight growth rate is 1.42% per day.
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How to credit this work
Syukriyadin Syukriyadin; Ira Devi Sara; S Syahrizal; Mohd Faizal Fauzan; M Fajri (2024). Kangkung microgreen growth analysis under T5 LED lighting using solar PV. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1356/1/012016 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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Alicia Rihn, Kellie J. Walters, Natalie R. Bumgarner, Pralhad Bajgain
Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101542
Abstract
Microgreens are functional foods whose nutritional content varies depending upon the production methods used when grown. Consumers may perceive different microgreen production practices as carrying varying levels of risk. Here, an online survey of 820 Tennesseans indicated their perceived risk of consumption and environmental impacts for nutritionally enhanced microgreens grown using eight different production methods (e.g., plant breeding, gene editing, lighting, etc.). Probit models were used to analyze data. Results demonstrate that the different production methods were associated with different risk perceptions. Species selection and lighting were perceived as the safest practice for consumption and the environment. Gene editing and genetic modification were perceived as the least safe for consumption and the environment. Production strategies selected as the best option to enhance nutrition improved perceptions of production practice safety. Existing subjective knowledge of the production methods positively influenced consumers’ safety perceptions. Gender, education and urban residency all impacted perceived risk but varied by production method. Given the heightened interest in nutritious food and environmental health, it is important to understand how consumers perceive different production methods to better inform them about their food choices and encourage sustainable consumption behaviors. In turn, results can aid growers, retailers and other stakeholders as they consider alternative production methods and marketing strategies. – Consumers perceived risk for production practices to enhance microgreen nutrient content vary. – Species selection and lighting were perceived as “safest” for consumption and the environment. – Gene editing and modification were perceived as the “least safe”.
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How to credit this work
Alicia Rihn; Kellie J. Walters; Natalie R. Bumgarner; Pralhad Bajgain (2024). Consumers’ risk perceptions of production practices to enhance the nutrient content of microgreens. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101542 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution NC ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- Related reading: Microgreens the future of urban agriculture and superfoods part i
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Eswaranpillai Uma, Priyadharsini Murugesan, Ponmurugan Karuppiah
Plant Science Today · 2023 · https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2058
Abstract
Many people suffer from a deficiency of essential micronutrients. Sprouts and microgreens can transform the whole idea of vegetables to resolve the need for a diet with fresh, nutrient-rich, and high content of phyto-compounds necessary for a healthy body. The study’s main objective is to evaluate the growth of 6 different seeds, such as four legumes; fenugreek, mung bean, cowpea, horse gram and two grains, wheat, sorghum microgreens. All the seeds were cultivated in soil, water and coco peat, to estimate and compare the nutritional properties of the selected sprouts vs. microgreens. The growth of microgreens in each medium was evaluated, and the proximate and nutritional properties were analysed. In terms of the growth of microgreens, coco peat medium serves the best, as it retains water for a long and it is porous to provide better aeration for the roots and also the day of harvest is shorter. In terms of the nutritional property of microgreens, soil serves the best, as it contains more nutrients than any other medium. The study results showed sprouts are better sources of proteins and carbohydrates than microgreens. However, microgreens were characterized by a high content of carotenoids, chlorophylls and ascorbic acid. It also exhibiting higher anti-diabetic and anticholinergic activity than sprouts. In addition, the microgreens have more micronutrients like zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, potassium etc., than the sprouts. Finally, microgreens were better growing with coco peat and also sources for functional components for dietary supplements and sustainable agriculture.
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Eswaranpillai Uma; Priyadharsini Murugesan; Ponmurugan Karuppiah (2023). Assess the impact of cultivation substrates for growing sprouts and microgreens of selected four legumes and two grains and evaluation of its nutritional properties. Plant Science Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2058 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Fenugreek microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Protein rich microgreens pea lentil chickpea and sunflower
- Related reading: Nutritional and sustainability potential of cereal microgreens
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Sanja Fabek Uher, Sanja Radman, Nevena Opačić, Mia Dujmović, Božidar Benko, Denis Lagundžija, Valent Mijić, Lucija Prša, Srđan Babac, Jana Šic Žlabur
Plants · 2023 · https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112098
Abstract
Microgreens are young plants of various vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants, cereals and edible wild plants that were first associated with nouvelle cuisine as decoration in dishes due to their attractive appearance and strong flavor. Recently, they have become more sought after in the market due to their high nutritional value. This is due to the growing interest of consumers in a healthy lifestyle that includes a varied diet with emphasis on fresh, functional foods. Nowadays, commercial production of microgreens is shifting to modern hydroponic systems due to their numerous advantages, such as accelerated plant growth and biomass production, earlier harvesting, and more production cycles that positively affect yield and chemical composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the content of specialized metabolites and antioxidant capacity of hydroponically grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cv. ‘Kangaroo’, yellow beet (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva) cv. ‘Yellow Lady’, red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra) cv. ‘Red Carpet’, and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) cv. ‘Aganarpo’ microgreens. The highest content of total phenols (408.03 mg GAE/100 g fw), flavonoids (214.47 mg GAE/100 g fw), non-flavonoids (193.56 mg GAE/100 g fw) and ascorbic acid (74.94 mg/100 g fw) was found in fennel microgreens. The highest content of all analyzed chlorophyll pigments (Chl_a 0.536 mg/g fw, Chl_b 0.248 mg/g fw, and TCh 0.785 mg/g fw) was found in alfalfa microgreens. However, in addition to alfalfa, high levels of chlorophyll a (0.528 mg/g fw), total chlorophyll (0.713 mg/g fw) and the highest level of total carotenoids (0.196 mg/g fw) were also detected in fennel microgreens. The results suggest that microgreens grown on perlite in floating hydroponics have high nutritional potential as a functional food important for human health and therefore could be recommended for daily diet.
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| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
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Sanja Fabek Uher; Sanja Radman; Nevena Opačić; Mia Dujmović; Božidar Benko; Denis Lagundžija; Valent Mijić; Lucija Prša; Srđan Babac; Jana Šic Žlabur (2023). Alfalfa, Cabbage, Beet and Fennel Microgreens in Floating Hydroponics—Perspective Nutritious Food?. Plants. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112098 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Beetroot microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Fennel microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Red Cabbage microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Nutritional and sustainability potential of cereal microgreens
- Related reading: Sensory analysis in microgreens why some are spicy others sweet and others taste like fresh grass
- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
About this copy
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Yumi Shirai, Yūkō Fujita, Ryota Hashimoto, Kazutaka Ohi, Hidenaga Yamamori, Yuka Yasuda, Tamaki Ishima, Hiroyuki Suganuma, Yusuke Ushida, Masatoshi Takeda, Kenji Hashimoto
PLoS ONE · 2015 · https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127244
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play a role in cognitive impairment, which is a core symptom of schizophrenia. Furthermore, a hallmark of the pathophysiology of this disease is the dysfunction of cortical inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), which is also involved in cognitive impairment. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli, is a potent activator of the transcription factor Nrf2, which plays a central role in the inducible expressions of many cytoprotective genes in response to oxidative stress. Keap1 is a cytoplasmic protein that is essential for the regulation of Nrf2 activity. Here, we found that pretreatment with SFN attenuated cognitive deficits, the increase in 8-oxo-dG-positive cells, and the decrease in PV-positive cells in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after repeated administration of phencyclidine (PCP). Furthermore, PCP-induced cognitive deficits were improved by the subsequent subchronic administration of SFN. Interestingly, the dietary intake of glucoraphanin (a glucosinolate precursor of SFN) during the juvenile and adolescence prevented the onset of PCP-induced cognitive deficits as well as the increase in 8-oxo-dG-positive cells and the decrease in PV-positive cells in the brain at adulthood. Moreover, the NRF2 gene and the KEAP1 gene had an epistatic effect on cognitive impairment (e.g., working memory and processing speed) in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that SFN may have prophylactic and therapeutic effects on cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Therefore, the dietary intake of SFN-rich broccoli sprouts during the juvenile and adolescence may prevent the onset of psychosis at adulthood.
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| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Yumi Shirai; Yūkō Fujita; Ryota Hashimoto; Kazutaka Ohi; Hidenaga Yamamori; Yuka Yasuda; Tamaki Ishima; Hiroyuki Suganuma; Yusuke Ushida; Masatoshi Takeda; Kenji Hashimoto (2015). Dietary Intake of Sulforaphane-Rich Broccoli Sprout Extracts during Juvenile and Adolescence Can Prevent Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Deficits at Adulthood. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127244 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- How to grow it: Broccoli microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Protein rich microgreens pea lentil chickpea and sunflower
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Jafar K. Lone, Renu Pandey, C. Gayacharan
Heliyon · 2024 · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25870
Abstract
Escalating public health concerns necessitate innovative approaches to food sources. Microgreens, nutrient-rich seedlings of vegetables and herbs, have gained recognition as functional foods. This review explores the evolution of microgreens, cultivation methods, biochemical changes during germination, nutritional content, health benefits, and commercial significance. Comprehensive studies have demonstrated that microgreens have an elevated level of various nutrients. Further, in vitro and in vivo research validated their antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic properties. Microgreens, termed “desert food,” show promise for sustainable food production in climate-vulnerable regions. This paper synthesizes recent research on microgreens, addressing challenges and gaps in understanding their nutritional content and health benefits. It contributes valuable insights for future research, fostering sustainable agriculture and enhancing understanding of microgreens in human health and nutrition.
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| Licence | CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | No. This licence forbids derivative works. We may report and cite its findings, but not republish a rewritten version. |
| Commercial use permitted? | No — non-commercial use only |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Jafar K. Lone; Renu Pandey; C. Gayacharan (2024). Microgreens on the rise: Expanding our horizons from farm to fork. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25870 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution NC ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
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- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
- Related reading: Microgreens inconveniences and challenges
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Bhornchai Harakotr, Lalita Charoensup, Panumart Rithichai, Yaowapha Jirakiattikul, Patlada Suthamwong
Resources · 2025 · https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050071
Abstract
Selecting suitable crop species is crucial for optimizing the productivity and nutritional content of microgreens. In this study, twenty-three diverse microgreen species, grown under controlled conditions, were analyzed for yield, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The microgreens were cultivated on a peat substrate in a controlled environment, with a growth period of 6 to 20 days from planting to harvest. Conditions were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, a 16 h photoperiod, CO2 concentration of 1000 ppm, relative humidity of 60 ± 2%, and the LED light was set at 330 μmol/m2/s PPFD. Results from the analysis revealed that the yield, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant potential differed significantly among the twenty-three microgreen species. Unfortunately, the superior microgreens exhibiting greater values for all studied traits could not be identified. However, the principal component analysis (PCA) clustered red radish, rat-tailed radish, and Chinese kale microgreens, which were high in both yield and bioactive compounds. In contrast, red holy basil and lemon basil microgreens had high levels of these compounds but low yields. Additionally, a high level of anti-tyrosinase activity was observed in garland chrysanthemum, Chinese mustard, and Chinese cabbage microgreens. Therefore, these microgreen species can be utilized individually or in varying ratios to produce bioactive compounds in different concentrations that are suitable for various applications. The information presented in this study provides valuable insights for health-conscious consumers and growers for selecting superior species with functional implications.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Bhornchai Harakotr; Lalita Charoensup; Panumart Rithichai; Yaowapha Jirakiattikul; Patlada Suthamwong (2025). Yield, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty-Three Diverse Microgreen Species Grown Under Controlled Conditions. Resources. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050071 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Basil microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Kale microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Mustard microgreens — growing guide
- How to grow it: Radish microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: The antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens
- Related reading: Microgreens and their anti inflammatory antioxidant and preventive potential
- Related reading: Solanaceae lectins and alkaloids the compounds that make some microgreens toxic
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Isabelle Crowe, Karen Charlton, Anne‐Therese McMahon, Indiana Rhind, Katherine Kent
Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · 2025 · https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70103
Abstract
AIMS: Nutrition and dietetics students are future change agents for sustainable food systems, yet sustainability education remains limited in university curricula. This study evaluated the impact of an experiential learning activity using an indoor aquaponic system on students’ knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intentions towards sustainable diets. METHODS: An embedded mixed methods pre-post survey captured baseline data on students’ sustainable diet knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, alongside diet quality (using the Australian Recommended Food Score). Students then participated in an interactive experiential learning activity involving an indoor aquaponic system. Post-activity surveys assessed changes in knowledge and behaviour intentions, as well as perceptions of the learning experience. Quantitative data were analysed using chi-square tests, regression and McNemar-Bowker tests; qualitative responses were thematically analysed. RESULTS: At baseline, students (n = 58, 87.9% female) reported limited knowledge of local food systems, though most valued sustainable food practices. Students who placed high importance on sustainable diets were significantly more likely to engage in sustainable dietary behaviours. Diet quality was significantly higher among students who grew their own food, bought locally or purchased seasonal produce (all p < 0.05). Participation in the experiential learning activity significantly improved students’ self-reported knowledge of local food systems (p < 0.001) and increased their intentions towards buying locally-grown (57.9% to 86.8%, p < 0.001) and growing food (36.8% to 78.9%, p < 0.001). Thematic analysis highlighted students’ increased awareness of sustainability complexity, their role as nutrition professionals and the importance of curriculum integration. CONCLUSION: Experiential learning with an indoor aquaponic system enhanced students’ knowledge and intentions related to sustainable diets. Students who engaged in sustainable behaviours had significantly higher diet quality, highlighting the potential dual benefit of curriculum integration. Embedding sustainability-focused learning in nutrition curricula may better prepare students to lead change in food systems.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Isabelle Crowe; Karen Charlton; Anne‐Therese McMahon; Indiana Rhind; Katherine Kent (2025). The Impact of Experiential Learning Using an Indoor Aquaponic System on Nutrition Students’ Sustainable Food Knowledge and Behaviour. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70103 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Onofrio Davide Palmitessa, Massimiliano Renna, Pasquale Crupi, Angelo Lovece, Filomena Corbo, Pietro Santamaria
Foods · 2020 · https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050677
Abstract
Microgreens are gaining more and more interest, but little information is available on the effects of the chemical composition of the nutrient solution on the microgreen yield. In this study, three Brassica genotypes (B. oleracea var. italica, B. oleracea var. botrytis, and Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort) were fertigated with three modified strength Hoagland nutrient solutions (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 strength) or with three modified half-strength Hoagland nutrient solutions with three different NH4:NO3 molar ratios (5:95, 15:85, and 25:75). Microgreen yields and content of inorganic ions, dietary fiber, proteins, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene were evaluated. Micro cauliflower showed the highest yield, as well as a higher content of mineral elements and α-tocopherol (10.4 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight (FW)) than other genotypes. The use of nutrient solution at half strength gave both a high yield (0.23 g cm−2) and a desirable seedling height. By changing the NH4:NO3 molar ratio in the nutrient solution, no differences were found on yield and growing parameters, although the highest β-carotene content (6.3 mg 100 g−1 FW) was found by using a NH4:NO3 molar ratio of 25:75. The lowest nitrate content (on average 6.8 g 100 g−1 dry weight) was found in micro broccoli and micro broccoli raab by using a nutrient solution with NH4:NO3 molar ratios of 25:75 and 5:95, respectively. Micro cauliflower fertigated with a NH4:NO3 molar ratio of 25:75 showed the highest dry matter (9.8 g 100 g−1 FW) and protein content (4.2 g 100 g−1 FW).
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Onofrio Davide Palmitessa; Massimiliano Renna; Pasquale Crupi; Angelo Lovece; Filomena Corbo; Pietro Santamaria (2020). Yield and Quality Characteristics of Brassica Microgreens as Affected by the NH4:NO3 Molar Ratio and Strength of the Nutrient Solution. Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050677 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- How to grow it: Broccoli microgreens — growing guide
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Protein rich microgreens pea lentil chickpea and sunflower
About this copy
This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed,
Leandro L. Coutinho, Tharcísio Citrangulo Tortelli, María Cristina Rangel
Frontiers in Oncology · 2023 · https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1089115
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Alternative therapies have been extensively investigated, and plant-derived compounds have caught the attention of the scientific community due to their chemopreventive and anticancer effects. Sulforaphane (SFN) is one of these naturally occurring agents, and studies have shown that it is able to target a specific cancer cell population displaying stem-like properties, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells can self-renewal and differentiate to form highly heterogeneous tumor masses. Notably, most of the conventional chemotherapeutic agents cannot target CSCs once they usually exist in a quiescent state and overall, the available cytotoxic drugs focus on highly dividing cells. This is, at least in part, one of the reasons why some oncologic patients relapse after standard therapy. In this review we bring together studies supporting not only the chemopreventive and anticancer properties of SFN, but especially the emerging anti-CSCs effects of this natural product and its potential to be used with conventional antineoplastic drugs in the clinical setting.
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| Licence | CC-BY-4.0 |
|---|---|
| May we host this PDF? | Yes |
| May we publish a plain-language summary? | Yes — this licence permits adaptations. |
| Commercial use permitted? | Yes |
| Share-alike required? | No |
How to credit this work
Leandro L. Coutinho; Tharcísio Citrangulo Tortelli; María Cristina Rangel (2023). Sulforaphane: An emergent anti-cancer stem cell agent. Frontiers in Oncology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1089115 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Hosted by EVEC Athens (microgreens.org.gr). No changes were made to this article. Provided as-is, without warranties. EVEC Athens is not affiliated with, and this copy is not endorsed by, the authors or the publisher.
Explore this on our site
- Related reading: Broccoli microgreens and sulforaphane what the research shows
- Related reading: Solanaceae lectins and alkaloids the compounds that make some microgreens toxic
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This is a copy of the published article, hosted by EVEC Athens for free educational use under its open licence. The permanent scientific reference is the DOI above. We have not altered the file in any way. If you are an author or rights holder and want this copy removed, please use our notice and takedown procedure. We acknowledge every request within five working days, and act within ten.
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